Political Events

The Prince of Wales Llewelyn ap Gruffyd refuses to pay homage to England's Edward I (see 1267). Edward prepares an army to invade North Wales (Gwynedd) (see 1277).

The German king Rudolf I outlaws Bohemia's Ottakar II (the Great), placing him under the imperial ban in June (see Treaty of Regensburg, 1274), but Ottakar submits to Rudolf, who has invaded Austria and forced Ottakar to sign the Treaty of Vienna in November, permitting him to retain Bohemia and Moravia (see 1278).

Augsburg becomes a free city. Founded in 14 B.C., it is now a major textile-producing center.

The Danish province of Scania rebels against Sweden's Magnus I Ladulás, who ravages, burns, and plunders the province of Halland and the northwesten part of Skane in a struggle that will continue until 1658, with the Skanians having to defend themselves during that period on 34 separate occasions.

Aragon's Jaime I (el conquistador) dies at Valencia July 27 at age 68 after a momentous 63-year reign in which he has added the Balearic Islands and Valencia to his realm; he is succeeded by his 37-year-old son, who will reign until 1285 as Pedro III (see Sicily, 1282).

Religion

Pope Gregory X dies at Arezzo in Tuscany January 10 at age 65 (approximate) after a 4-year reign in which he has reformed the conclave of cardinals that elects popes. He is succeeded January 21 by the French Dominican Pierre Cardinal de Tarentaise, 51, who reigns until June 22 as Innocent V but then dies at Rome and is succeeded by the Genoese Ottobono Cardinal Fieschi, who reigns as Adrian V but dies at Viterbo August 18 after just 5 weeks on the papal throne. The scholarly Lisbon-born Pedro Cardinal Julião will reign until his death next year as John XXI.

Communications, Media

Paper-making reaches Montefano in Italy (see 1189; 1293).

Theater, Film

Theater: Le jeu de la feuille by French playwright Adam de la Halle, 26.

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